Data Availability: All data are openly available via Figshare repository (https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3487046). scientific evidence on Culex quinquefasciatus has suggested its potential as a vector for ZIKV, which may change the current risk zones. 2015;12(3):432–40. quinquefasciatus is estimated to have established Galápagos populations in 1985 (Whiteman et al. All three species are closely related, with recent findings suggesting that Cx. 2018;9:1. performed a stable isotope mark-capture study, focusing on Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, to characterize dispersal distance and behavior. Lapointe DA, Hofmeister EK, Atkinson CT, Porter E, Dusek RJ. IIT: Incompatible Insect Technique. 2015; Oye et al. Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of a diverse range of vector-borne diseases such as avian malaria, West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, lymphatic filariasis, and Saint Louis encephalitis. 2019;15(12):e1008440. Feeding patterns of Culex mosquitos in Galápagos are diverse (Asigau et al. These results indicate that the ‘normal rules’ governing transgene construction and function will apply to Cx. 2020). 2015;10(11):e0140389. PubMed Development of such transposon-mediated modification technologies in Cx. Article Insect Mol Biol. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. Fig. 1998;7(4):519–31. 2020). Wolbachia induces reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of the Toll pathway to control dengue virus in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Highly efficient Cas9-mediated gene drive for population modification of the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Influence of photoperiod on larval growth indices and energy budget for metamorphosis in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae): its implication in integrated vector management, Proceedings from the 30 th International Conference of the Biotechnology Society of Nigeria (BSN), held at the Federal University of Technology, Minna from 27 th to 30 th August, 2017 (pp. Veron S, Haevermans T, Govaerts R, Mouchet M, Pellens R. Distribution and relative age of endemism across islands worldwide. J Theor Biol. 2009). 2015; Liao et al. This volume will also be valuable to medical and public health specialists working on mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile virus, and filariasis. 2020). Conserv Biol. PLoS ONE. Changing climate and the altitudinal range of avian malaria in the Hawaiian Islands—an ongoing conservation crisis on the island of Kaua’i. bioRxiv. Genetic control, also known as Genetic Pest Management or Genetic Biocontrol, is a pest management technique that involves introducing heritable modifications into wild populations of a target species in order to reduce the harm they cause. Readers may find Fig. Specifically, two ecological ‘off-target’ concerns are that a heritable modification could spread into a non-target population of the target invasive species (e.g. 2014;281(1792):20141372. The present potential distribution of Cx. J Med Entomol. quinquefasciatus wild-type line incorporating wAlbA (Burt 2014), a Wolbachia strain native to Ae. First Published in 1988, this five volume set documents the transmission and growth of Arthropod born viruses. Cx. C. quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis, which is a widely distributed tropical disease with around 120 million people infected worldwide, and 44 million people have common chronic manifestation (Bernhard et al. [2] Only one arbovirus, Whataroa virus (genus Alphavirus: Togaviridae), is known to actively circulate within New Zealand. 2012; Leftwich et al. Found insideSimulium damnosum.- 7. Discussion of the paper on Simulium damnosum.- 8. Stegomyia.- 9. Discussion of the paper on Stegomyia.- 10. Tsetse flies.- 11. Culex tritaeniorhynchus.- 12. Culex pipiens fatigans. Because Culex bite animals and people, they live outdoors or near homes. Chronic infections may follow and frequently persist for the lifetime of the bird (LaPointe et al. Lapointe DA. 2006;36(2):51–62. 2017; Teem et al. 2018;12(Suppl 8):13. Infection can then establish in the peripheral organs, with the virus eventually gaining entry into the central nervous system (Gamino and Hofle 2013). J Med Entomol. 2019;24(1):7151–6. When present together, an sgRNA will complex with a Cas protein molecule and direct it to cleave DNA sequences with high complementarity to its own RNA sequence (Jinek et al. Avian pox discovered in the critically endangered waved albatross (Phoebastria irrorata) from the Galapagos Islands. In general, the LCno values of chlor-pyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl, fenthion, and malathi- Nat Rev Genet. Engineered female-specific lethality for control of pest Lepidoptera. However, subsequent monitoring efforts observed this species in highland and northerly, uninhabited areas of Santa Cruz (Eastwood et al. We aimed to quantify the world population potentially exposed to ZIKV in a spatially explicit way, considering the primary vector (A. aegypti) and the potential vector (C. quinquefasciatus). In northern India in the early 1970s, two small-scale, short-term release trials of radiation-sterilised male pupae were conducted. 2015;10:156–62. 2020). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America, Affiliation There is no technical reason, however, for strategies involving genetic modification and Wolbachia to be viewed as mutually exclusive. Biol Conserv. Infections are acquired when virus enters a break in the skin of a susceptible bird, which may occur through a variety of means including the bite of an insect vector, direct contact with an infected bird, or contact with contaminated fomites—a transmission route aided by the capacity of avian poxviruses to persist in the environment for many months (LaPointe 2010). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224857. Notably, avian malaria has played a major role in the extinction of numerous endemic island bird species, while WNV has become an important vector-borne disease in the United States. wAlbB reached similar overall densities in Culex to the native wPip (Ant et al. Here, we develop a Culex-specific Cas9/gRNA expression toolkit and use site-directed homology-based transgenesis to generate and validate a Culex quinquefasciatus Cas9-expressing line. Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission. 2019). 2018;88(4):621–37. Buchman A, Gamez S, Li M, Antoshechkin I, Li HH, Wang HW, et al. A synthetic gene drive system for local, reversible modification and suppression of insect populations. Lees RS, Gilles JRL, Hendrichs J, Vreysen MJB, Bourtzis K. Back to the future: the sterile insect technique against mosquito disease vectors. In New Zealand, avian malaria prevalence is often reported as higher in non-native species introduced from Europe and elsewhere, with these species likely acting as the primary reservoir for infection, to which spillback to native species can occur (Tompkins and Gleeson 2006; Niebuhr et al. CRISPR-Cas systems form the basis of a number of gene drives in which genes expressing the Cas and sgRNA components are integrated into the germline of the target organism, subsequently expressing, complexing and cleaving DNA within the cells of that organism over multiple generations (Esvelt et al. Area increased by 4.9% from present-day conditions to RCP 6.0 then decreased by 1.3% from RCP 6.0 to RCP 8.5 (details for each GCM are presented in supporting information 2). However, evidence of avian parasites in wild-caught Ae. Area-Wide Control of Insect Pest. Ethics of community engagement in field trials of genetically modified mosquitoes. The integrated maps of current and future distributions of Cx. 2010). Rapid emergence of most vector-borne diseases (VBDs) may be associated with range expansion of vector populations. Affiliations Proc R Soc B. Full size image. New Zeal J Zool. Petrology and geochemistry of the Galapagos-Islands—portrait of a pathological mantle plume. statement and pervigilans, Cx. Speciation and phylogeography of Hawaiian terrestrial arthropods. 2002;39(5):777–85. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. Found insideThis book presents our understanding of the virus, bringing comprehensive knowledge in a single source. Separate groups of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, UTMB strain, were exposed for 24 hrs as fourth instar larvae to sublethal concentrations of malathion, methoprene, propoxur and resmethrin. Proc Royal Soc B. 2017;96(3):530–3. J Geophys Res-Sol Ea. Alley MR, Fairley RA, Martin DG, Howe L, Atkinson T. An outbreak of avian malaria in captive yellowheads/mohua (Mohoua ochrocephala). However, island communities, particularly those which have been isolated from mosquito-borne pathogens for long periods of time, may be more susceptible to severe disease due to a lack of co-evolutionary experience with the pathogen. Partial ROC statistics was calculated using the PartialROC function available in ENMGadgets package. The median of medians across all GCMs for each RCP was as a best guess of conditions under that RCP, and final models were thresholded based on a maximum allowable omission error rate of 5% (E = 5%; [33]), assuming that up to 5% of occurrence data may include errors that misrepresented environmental values. CAS The female mosquito largely feeds on birds, and is a major vector of many veterinary . CAS quinquefasciatus genome. As this virus has already been responsible for mortality in > 300 bird species in North America (Marra et al. 1999), possibly due to an increase in temperature over this period (Tompkins and Gleeson 2006). However, since the archipelago is highly driven by the tourism industry, routes of transportation will have to be carefully monitored to better manage foreign pathogens and their arthropod vectors. 1968;3:1–182. While the integration rate of the transgene into the kmo locus (1.6%) provides hope that this may prove a relatively efficient alternative to transposon-based transgene integration in this species, this method will need to be further evaluated at other target sites within the genome. The potential distributional area of Cx. The epidemiology of avian pox and interaction with avian malaria in Hawaiian forest birds. Although New Zealand in general tends to have a strong anti-GMO legislative stance (El-Kafafi 2007), research suggests that resistance to genetic control among a segment of New Zealanders is, at least partly, shaped by opposition to authority and top-down initiatives, rather than the control methods per se (MacDonald et al. Lester PJ, Bulgarella M, Baty JW, Dearden PK, Guhlin J, Kean JM. 2011). West Nile Virus is maintained in an enzootic mosquito-bird cycle and has been isolated from over 60 mosquito species, with ornithophilic members of the Culex genus often central to transmission. This is further exacerbated by the relative lack of focus on Cx. 2017), as was historically the case in Hawai‘i, the introduction of a more pathogenic and/or transmissive lineage of Plasmodium poses a continued threat to this archipelago. Against Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito Concentration of Extract (mg ml-1) % of Mortality LC 50 Control 0 11.15 mg ml-1 5 33.33 ± 11.55* 2015). Beyond discussing Cx. Ecosphere. PLoS ONE. quinquefasciatus expanded beyond its original sites of introduction in the northern part of the North Island (Holder et al. 2004). Accessibility 2019) and also on the uninhabited island of Santiago (Asigau et al. quinquefasciatus was recently generated carrying the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia that naturally infects Aedes albopictus (Ant et al. Breeding Sites of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) during the Rainy Season in Rural Lowland Rainforest, Rivers State. 2012). Article Additionally, the ‘area-wide’ nature of genetic control programmes allows them to be used at spatial scales that may be helpful in preventing immigration or re-invasion into a target area during an eradication attempt, which has proved a serious challenge using more traditional methods. pervigilans, or its ecology allows it to establish additional transmission-cycles, then any potential spread throughout New Zealand of this species may pose a serious threat to the avifauna present. In these instances, it may be beneficial to integrate genetic control options that involve the release of modified male and/or female mosquitos with the aim of reducing the vectorial capacity or reproductive potential of the target population. Throughout, we employ case studies that allow exploration of issues particularly pertinent to deployment of these technologies in insular environments. As genetic control relies on mating to impact a target population, it is considered a species- specific option, relative to many ‘traditional’ control technologies. quinquefasciatus in Galápagos which found an almost exclusively human-dominated diet. Recent trials with laboratory generated Wolbachia transinfections in the major dengue virus vector Ae. 2013; Ant et al. Anonymous (2020) galapagos species checklist: Culex quinquefasciatus. quinquefasciatus is a member of the Culex pipiens species complex and is currently found in much of Afro-Eurasia, and in many of the warmer parts of the Americas, where it hybridises with sibling species in areas of overlap. Aust Nz J Publ Heal. 2012;109(1):255–60. The Condor. Kleiboeker SB. 2003;270(1518):921–8. A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact. However, little is known of its ecology, distribution or capacity for arbovirus transmission in the Galápagos. It is the vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, avian malaria, and arboviruses including St. Louis encephali By using this website, you agree to our Davis S, Bax N, Grewe P. Engineered underdominance allows efficient and economical introgression of traits into pest populations. Backus GA, Gross K. Genetic engineering to eradicate invasive mice on islands: modelling the efficiency and ecological impacts. 1993). 2019), while the latter attempts to achieve the local elimination of vector populations (Crawford et al. Zinser M, Ramberg F, Willott E. Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera : Culicidae) as a potential West Nile virus vector in Tucson, Arizona: blood meal analysis indicates feeding on both humans and birds. Estevez RA, Anderson CB, Pizarro JC, Burgman MA. The purpose of this handbook is to provide guidance to Member States on the practical aspects of maintaining sanitary standards at international borders at ports, airports, and ground crossings (points of entry) as set out in the ... Here, we provide detailed global maps of current potential distributions of Cx. 2004;28(5):433–44. Luke Alphey. 2007;76(6):1072–8. 2019). Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai`i at Hilo 2016. Insect Mol Biol. We highlighted significant technical gaps that will need to be addressed if a genetic control solution to this pest is to be found. They have a migratory range of several miles. quinquefasciatus such as the Hr5/IE1 baculovirus promoter (Wilke et al. Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein into arthropod ovaries for heritable germline gene editing. The transformation frequency was ≈12% and transformation of Culex was shown to be dependent on the presence of Hermes transposase. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine quinquefasciatus larvae are found in a range of natural water containers, such as rock pools, puddles and a variety of phytotelmata where organic debris may concentrate (Okiwelu and Noutcha 2012). 2015; Brossard et al. Gamino V, Hofle U. 2016). Sci Rep. 2013;3:1–8. quinquefasciatus directly, distributional changes in response to elevated temperatures will likely be manifested. 1995; Samuel et al. 2017). Avian malaria in Hawaii: the distribution, ecology and vector potential of forest-dwelling mosquitoes. Highest stability with changing climate was between 30°S and 30°N. Blue shaded areas were modeled as suitable; white areas were modeled as unsuitable. Promises and perils of gene drives: navigating the communication of complex, post-normal science. Of the mosquito-borne diseases currently present in New Zealand, however, avian malaria is considered of greatest concern in regards to the native avifauna. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). albopictus that had previously shown Zika virus transmission blocking following oral challenge in Ae. Mean temperatures in Hawai‘i range from 26 to 31 °C although considerable variation is seen dependent on elevation (maximum 4000 m) and aspect, with four out of five Köppen climate types present (Anonymous 2020). Oberhofer G, Ivy T, Hay BA. Culex restuans is the nominotypical member of the Restuans Complex (Pipiens Group), together with Cx. Alphey L. Genetic control of mosquitoes. pipiens complex is naturally infected at close to fixation with Wolbachia strains belonging to the monophyletic wPip group. Avipox datasheet. Bataille A, Fournie G, Cruz M, Cedeno V, Parker PG, Cunningham AA, et al. Understanding vector distributions is important to understanding dynamics of pathogen transmission. quinquefasciatus into non-inhabited areas/islands and crucially, the lack of stable, high-elevation refugia against this spread, imply potentially disastrous consequences should a pathogenic strain of WNV or lineage of avian malaria be introduced. Rodent gene drives for conservation: opportunities and data needs. As they are responsible 82 for the spread of a wide range of both human and animal diseases, research of the underlying 83 mechanisms of their feeding behavior and physiology is critical. quinquefasciatus. To characterize influences of climate change on the distribution of Cx. 2013; Benedict et al. quinquefasciatus populations, such as those on the Hawaiian Islands, that may contain more than one wPip variant (Atkinson et al. 2019). 2011). Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 is a potential vector of West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis virus, and lymphatic filariasis. 2004;101(52):18042–7. Terms and Conditions, Carlson JS, Martinez-Gomez JE, Cornel A, Loiseau C, Sehgal RNM. 1345247. MacDonald EA, Balanovic J, Edwards ED, Abrahamse W, Frame B, Greenaway A, et al. 108508 and No. quinquefasciatus populations through the release of incompatible Cx. Molecular analysis reveals two strains of canary poxvirus present in wild birds in Galápagos and a third in chickens (Thiel et al. quinquefasciatus surveillance programs where data are unavailable (e.g., Western Europe). The potential for a CRISPR gene drive to eradicate or suppress globally invasive social wasps. Culex mosquitoes don't fly long distances but have been known to fly up to 2 miles (3.2 km). Benedict M, D’Abbs P, Dobson S, Gottlieb M, Harrington L, Higgs S, et al. Such a homing drive could be used to spread a linked ‘cargo gene’ which reduces vectorial capacity (Gantz et al. 1975;29:325–43. 2017). Culex quinquefasciatus will breed in all types of manmade containers, but prefers ground water containing rotting organic . Petersen LR, Brault AC, Nasci RS. pipiens Linnaeus or Cx. Ruiz-Martinez J, Ferraguti M, Figuerola J, Martinez-de la Puente J, Williams RAJ, Herrera-Duenas A, et al. PNAS. Sci Rep. 2019;9:1–2. Parker PG, Buckles EL, Farrington H, Petren K, Whiteman NK, Ricklefs RE, et al. 2001). Webber BL, Raghu S, Edwards OR. Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Anonymous. Holder PW, Brown G, Bullians M. The mosquitoes of New Zealand and their animal disease significance. They bite people when other animals are not nearby. 2015), and the local elimination of Cx. 167-176). In 1973, a larger trial was conducted in the village of Dhulsiras, Northern India (Yasuno et al. Nevertheless the latter is the more common species in the Khartoum (Sudan) area. quinquefasciatus, but these changes will be strongly dependent on the location and timing of climate changes [46]. Similarly, as in Hawai‘i, malaria prevalence has been negatively associated with increasing elevational gradients (Niebuhr et al. Insect Biochem Mol Biol.